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Sorghum : Crop Stage-wise IPM

Sorghum : Crop Stage-wise IPM

Management Activity

Pre-sowing*


Common cultural practices:
· Deep summer ploughing
· Use resistant/tolerant varieties
· Follow crop rotation with non-host crops
· Destroy the alternate host plants
· Sow the ecological engineering plants
· Sow sorghum/maize/bajra in 4 rows all around the main crop as guard/barrier crop
· Soil solarization to prevent soil borne pathogens.
· Timely sowing should be done.
· Field sanitation, rogueing
· Destroy the alternate host plants
· Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations
· Adoption of crop rotation
Common mechanical practices:
· Uproot and burn infected plants parts early to avoid spread of the disease.
· Collection and destruction of larvae.
Nutrients · Apply FYM @ 5 t/ acre and incorporate in the soil 2 to 3 weeks before sowing.
Weeds · Remove existing weeds at the time of sowing.
· Weed species: Cyperus iria, Digera arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Trianthema sp.,Tridax procumbens, Euphorbia hirta, Phyllanthus niruri are controlled by 2,4-D dimethyl amine salt 58% SL 612 ml in 200-240 l of water/acre and 2,4-D ethyl ester 38 % EC (having 2,4-D acid 34 % w/w) 400 ml in 170 l of water/acre.
Soil borne pathogens, resting stages of insects Cultural control:
· Effective weed control.
· Trimming of bunds
· Early planting minimizes shoot fly, midge and ear head bug damage.
· Planting sunhemp as trap crop to control the pest.
Biological control:
· Application of neem cake@ 80 Kg/ acre for nematode control.
· Controlling adult beetles feeding on neem.
· Acacia like trees on field bunds by shaking trees and destroying the beetles.
Sorghum loose Smut** Cultural control:
· Collect smutted ear-heads in cloth bags and destroy by dipping in boiling water or bury in soil.
· Avoid ratooning.
Chemical control:
· Spray thiram 75% WS @ 10-12 g/acre in 400 ml of water.
Grain smut** Cultural control:
· Collect smutted ear-heads in cloth bags and destroy by dipping in boiling water.
· Avoid ratooning
Chemical control:
· Seed treatment with sulphur 80% WP 1.2-1.6g/Kg seed in 400 ml of water.

Sowing*


Common cultural practices:
· Use healthy, certified and weed free seeds.
· Follow proper spacing
· Crop rotation with pulses or oilseed crops.
Common mechanical practices:
· After harvest, plough to remove and destroy the stubbles.
· Collection and destruction of white grub.
Nutrients · Apply NPK fertilizers as per soil test recommendations as far as possible. If soil test recommendations are not available, adopt a blanket recommendation of 30 N, 18 P2O5, and 18 K2Kg/acre.
· Application of bio-fertilizers: When Azospirillum is used apply only 75% of recommended N for irrigated sorghum.
· Mix 12.5 Kg of micronutrient mixture formulated with enough sand to make a total quantity of 50 Kg.
· Basal application of 10 Kg ZnSO4/acre-1 for the deficient soils or 5 Kg Zn SO4 acre -1 + FYM for the Zn deficient soils
· Basal application of FeSO4, 20 Kg/acre along with 5 t/acre FYM for iron deficient soils.
Weeds · Weed Species: Cyperus iria, Digera arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Trianthema sp.,Tridax procumbens, Euphorbia hirta, Phyllanthus niruri are controlled by2,4-D dimethyl amine salt 58% SL 612 mlin200-240 l of water/acre and 2,4-D ethyl ester 38 % EC (having 2,4-D acid 34 % w/w)400 ml in 170 l of water/acre.
Shoot fly Cultural control:
· Early sowing to avoid the active period of shoot fly population.
· Planting date in kharif 7-10 days onset of monsoon and in rabi end of September to 1st week of October is ideal to escape the shoot fly
· High seed rate 1.6 – 2.0 Kg/acre.
· Tall variety with yellow glossy stem less attacked.
Mechanical control:
· Removal of the seedlings with dead hearts.
· Set up the low cost fish meal traps @4/acre till the crop is 30 days old.
Chemical control:
· Seed treatment with imidacloprid 48% FS @12ml/Kg seeds
· Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70% WS@ 10g/Kg seeds
· Spraying carbaryl 50%WP@ 600g/acre in 200-400 l of water.
· Soil application carbofuran 3% CG @13320g/acre.
· Spraying oxydemeton-methyl 25% EC @400ml/acre in 200-400 l of water.
· Soil application phorate 10% CG @ 7500g/acre.
· Spraying quinalphos 25%EC @ 600ml/acre in 200-400 l of water.
· Seed treatment with thiamethoxam 30% FS @ 10 ml/Kgseeds.
Sorghum white grub Mechanical control:
· See the common mechanical practices
Chemical control:
· Apply phorate 10% @ CG 10 Kg/acre.
Sorghum downy mildew** Cultural control:
· Grow moderately resistant varieties.
Chemical control:
· Seed treatment with metalaxyl 35% WS @ 6-7 g/Kg seed.

Vegetative


Common cultural practices:
· Collect and destroy crop debris
· Collect and destroy disease infected and insect damaged plant parts
· Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop
· Avoid water logging
· Avoid water stress during flowering stage
· Judicious use of fertilizers
· Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed
Common mechanical practices:
· Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae
· Handpick the older larvae during early stages
· The infested shoots and seed capsules may be collected and destroyed
· Handpick the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water.
· Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre
· Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm
· Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks)
· Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc.
· Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm
Common biological practices:
· Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering
· Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients · Apply N @ 50:25:25 % at 0, 15 and 30 DAS and full dose of P2O5 and K2O basally before sowing and if basal application is not possible the same could be top dressed within 24 hours.
Weeds · Apply 2,4-D @ 400g/acre on 20-25 DAS on the plants surface, using Backpack/Knapsack/Rocker sprayer fitted with a flat fan nozzle using 80 l of water/acre (or) if herbicides are not used, hand weeding twice on 10-15 DAS and 30-35 DAS.
Stem borer · Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Cultural control:
· Select and grow varieties resistant to spotted stem borer. Sow the lablab or cowpea or pigeon pea as an intercrop (Sorghum: Lablab 4:1) reduces the damage by stem borers.
Biological control:
· Egg parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis @ 30,000/acre/ week
Chemical control:
· Spray carbaryl 50%WP @ 800g in 200-400 l of water/acre.
· Application of carbofuran 3%CG @ 3320gm/acre.
· Apply quinalphos 5% G 6000 @ g/acre.
Sorghum downy mildew · As mentioned above in the sowing stage

Flowering

Midge · Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Cultural control:
· Removal of Johnson grassy weed
Biological control:
· Neem seed kernel extract 5%
· Azadirachtin 1%
· Parasitoids: Aprostocetus sp.
Chemical control:
· Spray quinalphos 1.5% DP @ 10640 g/acre; phosalone 4% DP @ 10000g/acre; phosalone 35% EC @ 457.2 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre; malathion 50% EC @ 400ml in 200-400 l of water/acre.; malathion 5% DP@ 8000 g/acre; dimethoate 30% EC @ 660 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre; carbaryl 5% DP @ 8000 g/acre.
Sorghum
ear head caterpillar**
· Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Biological control:
· Two applications of NPV at 10 days interval at 1.5 X1012 POB along with crude sugar 2.5 Kg + cotton seed kernel powder 250 g.
Sorghum earhead bug** · Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Biological control:
· Neem seed kernel extract 5%
· Azadirachtin 1%
Chemical control:
· Quinalphos 1.5% DP 10kg/acre.
Sorghum grain mould · Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Sorghum charcoal rot · Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Cultural control:
· Plant varieties with good stalk strength
· Plant in fertile soil.
· Avoid high plant populations unless irrigating.
· Rotate with cotton.
Sorghum anthracnose** · Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Cultural control:
· Eliminate other susceptible plants such as Johnson grass.
· Rotate crops.
· In poorly rotated fields, plough under infested residue where erosion is not a problem.
Chemical control:
· Treat the seeds with thiram at 4 g/Kg.
Sorghum rust** Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Cultural control:
· Remove the alternate host Oxalis comiculata
Sorghum ergot** · Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Sorghum loose smut** · Same as mentioned in the above pre-sowing stage
Grain smut** · Same as mentioned in the above pre-sowing stage
Birds** Mechanical control:
· Use bird scarer
· Use reflecto-ribbon surrounding sorghum field
Botanical control:
· Apply NSKE5% on panicle to save the damage from birds
Note: Apply Trichoderma spp./ harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seeds/ seedling/ planting material treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required).

Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

Last Modified : 3/4/2020



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