| Management | Activity |
Pre-sowing
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Common cultural practices:
- Deep summer ploughing
- Destroy the alternate host plants
- Avoid planting overlapping crops in adjacent area.
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| Nutrients |
- Apply FYM or compost @ 7-8 Kg per pit.
- In addition, basal dose of N: P: K in 350: 100: 200 g/pit should also be incorporated at the time of planting.
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| Weeds |
- Remove or incorporate previous crop residues before planting.
- Plan to grow suitable intercrops like legumes, ginger, tapioca etc
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| Soil borne fungus, resting stages of pests |
- Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil borne pests.
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| Damping off |
Cultural control:
- Raise nursery in light soil with proper drainage
- Burning farm trash on the surface of the beds.
- Sowing seed on raised beds of 6-8” high (15 cm). Use low seed rate of 650 g/40 sq mt.
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| Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed/seedling/planting material, nursery treatment and soil application (if commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required). |
Vegetative stage
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Common cultural practices:
- Collect and destroy crop debris
- Collect and destroy disease infected and insect damaged plant parts
- Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop
- Avoid water logging
- Avoid water stress during flowering stage
- Judicious use of fertilizers
- Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed
- Field sanitation
Common mechanical practices:
- Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae
- Handpick the older larvae during early stages (do not handpick hairy caterpillars with urticating hairs)
- The infested shoots and seed capsules may be collected and destroyed
- Handpick the gregarious caterpillars (do not handpick hairy caterpillars with urticating hairs) and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy them in kerosene mixed water.
- Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm
- Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc.
- Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm
Common biological practices:
- Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering
- Augmentative release of natural enemies
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Nutrient
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- Under low fertile soils top dressing of N @ 100 g/pit by soil incorporation should be done.
- Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular nutrient.
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| Weeds |
- Crop should be weed free up to 3 months by interculture and hand weeding.
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| Hairy caterpillar |
- Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Mechanical control:
- The larvae in groups on tree trunks killed by a burning torch/flame thrower
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| Budworm Bark caterpillar |
- Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
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Reproductive stage
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| Nutrients |
- Micronutrient deficiency should be corrected by foliar spray of particular nutrient.
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| Weeds |
- Remove all the weeds before seed formation to avoid further spread of weed seeds.
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| Pod fly |
Cultural control:
- Collect and destroy all the fallen and damaged fruits
- Trap the adults using attractants such as citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, vinegar (acetic acid), dextrose or lactic acid
- Rake up the soil under the trees or plough the infested field to destroy puparia.
Biological control
- Spray NSKE 5% during 50% fruit set and 35 days late
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