| Management |
Activity |
Pre sowing Stage*
|
|
Common cultural practices:
• Deep ploughing of fields during summer to control nematodes population, to expose pupae and popagules of soil borne pathogens.
• Soil solarization can be done for sterilizing the nursery mixture
• Timely sowing should be done.
• Field sanitation, rogueing.
• Destroy the alternate host plants as well as crop debris
• Crop rotation with non-cereals.
• Adopt ecological engineering by growing the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds.
|
| Nutrients |
• The rooted grapevine cuttings are planted in pits at an appropriate spacing depending on the soil, agro-climatic conditions and varieties.
• Grape is a heavy feeder of nutrients. Nutrient should be supplied on the basis of soil test report, varieties and recommendation for the particular agro-climatic zone.
• The land should be ploughed well and raise a green manure viz., sunhemp during monsoon and incorporate in-situ in August and September.
|
| Weeds |
Cultural control:
• Plough the field in summer/ before planting to destroy existing weeds in the field.
• Grow the green manure crop to suppress weeds in rainy season.
Chemical control:
• 2,4-D Sodium salt Technical @ 1 Kg in 200 l of water/acre
• Diuron 80% WP@ 0.8 Kg in 250 l of water/acre
• Paraquat dichloride 24% SL@ 0.8 l in 200 l of water/acre
|
| Defoliators/ Subterranean pests Soil- borne- Pathogen |
Cultural control:
• Rabbing with paddy husk/ straw.
• For others follow common cultural practices
|
Sowing stage*
|
| Nutrients |
• At the time of planting, fill up the pits with well decomposed farmyard manure @ 50 Kg per pit mixed with top soil, Trichoderma species and AM @ 50g inoculum / plant. |
| Weeds |
• Use weed free seedling for planting.
• Remove existing weeds in and around the pits at the time of planting.
• Provide plastic or straw mulch around the seedling to prevent weed growth and to conserve moisture.
|
| Root-knot nematode |
Cultural control:
• Intercropping of marigold reduces nematode population
• Nursery should be raised in nematode free sites or fumigated or solarized beds
• Repellant plants: Marigold
• Follow common cultural practices.
• Application of decomposed poultry manure @ 200g / sq. m
|
| Leaf blight Anthracnose |
Cultural control:
• Irrigation by rose can.
• Use of resistant varieties such as– Bangalore Blue, Beauty Seedless, Bharat Early, Golden queen, Large white.
Chemical control: For anthracnose
• Aureofungin 46.15%w/v. SP@ 0.005%, 300 l/acre or benomyl 50% WP@120 g in 250-280 l of water/acre or Carbendazim 50%WP@ 120 g in 240 l of water/acre or chlorothalonil 75% WP@ 0.2% or 200 g in 100lof water /acre or iprodione 50% WP@ 0.4-0.8 Kg in 200 l of water/acre or kitazin 48% EC @ 0.20%or 200 ml in 200 l of water As required depending upon crop stage and plant protection equipment used or mancozeb75%WP @ 0.6-0.8 Kg in 300 l of water/acre or ziram80%WP@ 0.6-0.8 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre
|
Vegetative stage
|
|
Common cultural practices:
• Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop • Avoid water stress and water stagnation conditions.
• Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when larval parasitoids are observed
Common mechanical practices:
• Collection and destruction of eggs, and larvae
• Removal and destruction of dead vines along with root system from the garden is essential as this reduces the build up of inoculum (fungal population).
• Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts
• Use blue sticky traps for thrips @ 4-20 traps/acre.
• Install pheromone traps @ 4-5 traps/acre
• Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm
• Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc.
• Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm
Common biological practices:
• Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering
• Augmentative release of natural enemies. |
| Nutrients |
Table #. Recommended doses of nutrients (Kg/acre) for different varieties under different agro-climatic regions.
| Variety |
Region |
N |
P2O5 |
K2O |
| Anab-e- Shahi |
North India |
150-240 |
120-220 |
75-480 |
| Telangana |
175 |
122 |
315 |
| South interior Karnataka |
200 |
200 |
400 |
| Beauty Seedless |
North India |
65 |
|
|
| Cheema Sahebi |
Maharashtra |
240 |
96 |
48 |
Gulabi, Himrod,
Perlette |
North India |
180-280 |
185-530 |
185-400 |
| Thompson Seedless |
North India |
180-440 |
530 |
530 |
| Maharashtra |
265-400 |
200-350 |
265-320 |
| South interior Karnataka |
120 |
200 |
400 |
| Source: The Grape Improvement, Production & Post-harvest management by K.L. Chadha, S.D. Shikhamany. |
• Apply nutrients through combination of organic manures (40%) and Inorganic fertilizers (60%).
• In both the seasons prior to pruning the top 15 to 20 cm soil in the basin is dug out and heaped around the trunk. Organic manures are spread uniformly in the basins and then fertilizers are applied and covered with soil.
• Apply fertilizers around root feeding zone i.e. at about 15 cm depth and 60 cm away from the trunk.
|
| Weeds |
• Regular weeding is important during the young stage of plants.
• Break the crust with hand hoe each time after irrigation.
• Plough the area between the basins during the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon periods.
• Integrated weed management including cover crops, judicious use of herbicides, intercropping and hand weeding wherever necessary should be adopted.
• Under highly weed infested orchards, apply 2, 4-D Sodium salt Technical (having 2, 4-D acid 80 % w/w) @ 1lit per acre in 200 l water to control broadleaf weeds or apply Diuron 80% WP @ 0.8 Kg per acre in 250 l water to control wide range of weeds or paraquat dichloride 24% SL @ 0.8 Kg/ acre in 200 l water as post-emergence directed inter row application at 2-3 leaf stage of grasses, sedges and broad leaf weeds.
Source: APHU (2010). Package of practices of important Horticultural Crops. Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District – 534 101 (A.P.). |
| Leaf eating caterpillar |
Cultural control:
• Growing of castor as trap crop all around the vineyard for oviposition.
• Follow common cultural and mechanical practices.
Biological control:
• Spraying NSKE 5 % against eggs and first instar larva
• Follow common biological practices |
| Stem borer/cane borer |
Cultural control:
• Piercing the infested plants with a sharp needle or knife to kill the caterpillar in the stem.
• Remove loose bark at the time of pruning to prevent egg laying
• Follow common cultural practices.
Biological control:
• Follow common biological practices. |
| Hoppers |
Cultural Control:
• Plant tall border crops like maize, sorghum or pearl millet to reduce hopper infestations.
• Keep the nursery area clean, free of weeds and grasses to keep away the grass hoppers.
• Removal of weeds and alternate hosts plants like hibiscus, okra, custard apple, guava etc. in vineyards.
Biological control:
• Follow common biological practices.
Chemical control:
• Spray oxydemeton–methyl 25% EC @ 400 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre |
| Mealybugs |
Cultural control:
• Removal of weeds and alternate host plants like hibiscus, okra, custard apple, guava etc in and nearby vineyards throughout the year.
• Deep ploughing in summer or raking of soil in vineyards helps to destroy its nymphal stages and minimizing the incidence.
Mechanical control:
• Remove and destroy the loose bark.
Biological control:
• Release exotic predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 10 beetles/vine
• Neem based, emulsifiable water soluble formulations can be sprayed. Doses depend on azadirachtin concentrations in formulations viz., 50000 ppm formulation is sprayed at 1ml / l, while that with 10000 ppm and 3000 ppm can be sprayed at 2.5 ml and 5 ml per l, respectively.
Chemical control:
• Buprofezin25%SC@400-600 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or methomyl40%SP@ 500 g in 200-400 l of water/acre |
| Flea beetle |
Cultural control:
• Remove the loose bark at the time of pruning to prevent egg laying.
• Shake vines to dislodge adult beetles, collect into trays containing kerosenated water (1 kerosene: 9 water) and destroy them.
• Put bundles of dry shreds of banana on the pruned end of the vines in the evening. Beetles, which take shelter on these at night, can be shaken and collected in the morning and kill them.
• Use high quality, large, vigorous seed- the quicker a seedling can establish itself the more damage it can withstand from flea beetles.
• Seed early - a plant that establishes quickly can ward off flea beetles more effectively. Caution advised if high populations are seen early in fields when planting. Crops must be monitored daily upon emergence for damage.
• Crop rotation - flea beetles over-winter along field edges and migrate so following a crop rotation does not make your crop immune to flea beetles, but if problems with flea beetles persisted the year before,planting canola again will contribute to high populations once again.
• Direct seeding - provides a microclimate that warms slower than a conventionally seeded crop. Cooler temperatures slow flea beetle activity, reducing damage.
• Increase seeding rates - increased plant populations means less damage to each specific plant.
• Wider row spacing - reduces the attractiveness to the flea beetles
Mechanical control:
• Follow common practices.
• Setting up of light trap @ 1/acre (6-10 pm).
Botanical control:
• Neem based, emulsifiable water soluble formulations can be sprayed. Doses depend on azadirachtin concentrations in formulations viz., 50000 ppm formulation is sprayed at 1ml / l, while that with 10000 ppm and 3000 ppm can be sprayed at 2.5 ml and 5 ml per liter dose, respectively.
Chemical control:
• Imidacloprid17.8%SL@120-160 ml in 400 l of water/acre or lambda-Cyhalothrin 4.9%CS @100 g in 200-400 l of water/acre or malathion50% EC@400 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre |
| Chafer beetle |
Cultural control:
• Eliminate hibernating site
• Follow common practices.
Chemical control:
• Malathion50% EC @ 400 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre |
| Girdle beetle/Grape cane girdler |
Cultural control:
• Cutting of infested shoot bellow the lower girdle before adult emerge in the summer and destroy them may help to reduce the population of insects.
• If low levels of grape cane borer are present in your vineyard, populations can be reduced by cultural practices such as removal and destruction of affected canes and excess dead wood from the canopy during pruning.
Chemical control:
• Malathion 50% EC @ 400 ml in 600-800 l of water/acre |
| Thrips |
Cultural control:
• Install 4-20blue sticky coloured traps per acre to monitor thrips population.
• Deep ploughing in summer or raking of soil in vineyards helps to destroy its nymphal stages and minimizing the incidence.
• Removal of weeds and alternate host plants like hibiscus, okra, custard apple, guava etc. in and nearby vineyards in and around the vineyards throughout the year.
• Collect and destroy damaged leaves, fruits and flowers.
Chemical control:
• Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 88 g in 200-400 l of water/acre or fipronil 80%WG @ 20-25 g in 300-400 l of water/acre or lambda-cyhalothrin 4.9% CS @100 g in 200-400 l of water/acre |
| Mite |
Cultural control:
• Proper irrigation scheduling reduces the water stress and also increases the humidity thereby reducing the mite population
Biological control:
• Several predatory insects and spiders feed on mites but the most efficient natural predators of mite pests are predatory mites. |
| Leaf folder/Leaf roller |
Cultural control:
• Simple method to control the pest population is to collect and burn the infested leaves.
Biological control:
• Follow common practices. |
| Powdery mildew |
Cultural control:
• Cultural practices that reduce humidity within the vineyard, enable good air circulation through the canopy, and provide good light exposure to all leaves and clusters aid in managing powdery mildew.
• Use an under vine irrigation system and manage it carefully, excess can favour the disease
Chemical control:
• Benomyl50 % WP @ 120 g in 250-280 l of water/acre or carbendazim 46.27% SC@ 0.1% or 100ml, 100l/acre or dinocap 48% EC@ 90 ml in 300 l of water/acre or flusilazole 40% EC@ 0.01% Asrequired depending upon the stage of crop and type of plants protection equipment used or hexaconazole2%SC@ 0.6-1.2 l in 200-300 l of water/acre or hexaconazole 5% EC@ 200-400 ml in 200 l of water/acre or kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC@ 240-280 ml in 200 l of water/acre or lime sulphur 22% SC @This liquid is used at one per cent in conventional sprayers: Doses 0.8-1 l/acre or myclobutanil 10% WP @ 0.04%, 200 l /acre or penconazole 10% EC@ 50ml/100Lt. water, Depending upon the requirement or sulphur 40% WP@ 1.2 Kg in 400 l of water/acre or sulphur 55.16 % SC @ 0.30% or 300 ml/100 l water as required or sulphur 80% WP@ 1-2 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or Sulphur 80% WG@ 0.75-1 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or sulphur 85% DP @ 6-8 Kg/acre or triadimefon 25% WP@ 0.010% in 300 l of water, depending upon the requirement |
| Downy mildew |
Cultural control:
• Pruning of the vines after the second week of October helps to minimize the damage by this disease. All affected portions of the vine should be removed at the time of pruning and destroyed immediately.
• Downy mildew infected leaves should be selectively collected and disposed in compost pit.
Chemical control:
• Aureofungin46.15%w/v. SP@ 0.005% , 300 l/acre or captan 50% WP@ 1 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or captan 75% WP@ 666.8 g in 400 l of water/acre or chlorothalonil 75% WP@ 0.2%or200 gm/ 100l water in 40 l /acre or copper oxychloride 50% WG@ 0.24%or 240g/100l water or copper oxy chloride 50% WP @ 1 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or copper sulphate 2.62 % SC@ 0.4 l in 200 l of water/acre or cymoxanil50%WP@ 0.24% or 240 g/100 l water as required depending upon the crop stage and equipment used or cyazafamid 34.5% SC@ 80 ml in 200 l of water/acre or dimethomorph50%WP @ 400 g in 300 l of water/acre or fosetyl-AL 80% WP @ 560-800 g in300-400 l of water/acre or kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC@ 240-280 ml in 200 l of water/acre or mancozeb75%WP @ 0.6-0.8 Kg in 300 l of water/acre or propineb70%WP @ 0.30%or300 g/100 l water As required depending uponcrop stageand plant protection equipment used or zineb75%WP@ 0.6-0.8 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or ziram80%WP@0.6-0.8 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre or cymoxanil8%+ Mancozeb64%WP @ 600-800 g in 200-400 l of water/acre or famoxadone16.6%+ Cymoxanil22.1%SC @ 200 ml in 200-300 l of water/acre or fenamidone4.44%+ FosetylAI 66.7%WG@ 800-1000 g in 200-300l of water/acre or fenamidone10%+ mancozeb50%WDG @ 600 g in 200-300 l of water/acre or metalaxyl M 4%+ mancozeb 64% WP @ 200-400 l/acre of 0.25% or metalaxyl8%+ mancozeb 64% WP@ 200 l/acre of 0.5% or metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5% WG @ 600-700 g in 300 l of water/acre |
| Anthracnose, Blight |
Cultural control:
• Prophylactic measures should be followed for effective control.
• All affected twigs or canes showing cankers should be removed while pruning.
• The pruned twigs and leaves should be burnt or buried deep in the soil.
Chemical control:
• Same as sowing stage. |
| Bitter rot and bacterial leaf spot, Rust |
Cultural control:
• Collecting and burning the infected plant parts minimizes the spread of the disease.
• Increase air circulation in the vineyard
• Remove disease cane from the vineyard during normal pruning operations in the dormant season.
• Follow up hand pruning |
Flowering & Fruiting stage*
|
| Nutrients |
• Collect about 200 random petiole samples (fifth leave from the base) 45 days after summer pruning (flower bud initiation) and analyze for the nutrients. Spray the following nutrients for the correction of the deficiency.
• Spray zinc sulphate @ 2g/l or magnesium sulphate @ 2g/l or magnesium oxide @ 1g/l or borax @ 1 – 2 g/l |
| Weeds |
• Remove weeds around the plants.
• Use straw or plastic mulch to avoid weed growth and to maintain soil moisture for longer period. |
| Leaf eating caterpillar |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Stem borer/Cane borer |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Hoppers |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Mealybugs |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Flea beetle |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Girdle beetle/Grape cane girdler |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Thrips |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Hoppers |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Leaf roller/Folder |
• Same as vegetative stage. |
| Powdery mildew, Downy mildew |
Cultural control:
• Remove abnormal un-harvested bunches from vines and burn them.
• Remove all shoots emerging from the crown near ground.
• Shoots hanging from trellises towards ground should be tied on trellises or can be removed if they are extra.
Chemical control:
• Same as vegetative stage |
| Blight, Anthracnose, Bitter rot and Bacterial leaf spot |
Cultural control:
• Promote good air circulation and light penetration by controlling weeds and suckers, proper pruning, and positioning or removing shoots for uniform leaf development.
• Where possible, rows should be planted in the direction of the prevailing wind. Good air circulation and light penetration will promote faster drying of plant parts and reduce disease incidence.
• Prevent wounding of berries by controlling insects, birds and other grape diseases. |
| Botrytis rot |
Cultural control:
• Careful handling in the field, pre-cooling and refrigeration helps in controlling the disease.
• Pruning and thinning of the vineyard reduces • Humidity around the clusters. |
| Blue rot |
Cultural control:
• Avoiding injuries to the ripe berries helps to reduce soft rot.
• Clean planting stock; (i) Disease wood removal and immediate burning; (ii) fungicide application at shoot extension and later if temperatures are cool. |
| Birds. Bats |
Cultural:
• Remove nesting and roosting areas
• Bird patrols: takes time and energy but still effective, wear bright colors
• Pyrotechnics – bombs and whistlers
• Whistles: Thunderer is the Cadillac of whistles
• Site selection: no trees, open fields
• Noise makers: propane canons, electronic scare devices
• Nets: still the best option for full protection
• Traps
• Tape, balloons, kites, etc.
• Trap crops |
Postharvest
|
| Black mould Rot, blue mould rot, green mould rot, botrytis rot |
Cultural control:
• Careful handling and prompt refrigeration to 1-2 ºC or below prevents the disease in storage.
• Inclusion of SO2 releasing pads in the boxes while packing helps to control the disease. |
| Rhizopus rot |
Cultural control:
• Inclusion of SO2 releasing pads in the boxes 2 while packing, removing of diseased berries during grading, avoiding injury to the berries while packing and handling helps to restrict the growth of fungi. • Avoiding injuries to the ripe berries helps to reduce soft rot.
Physical control:
• Maintaining cold storage temperature between 40-10 ºC prevents fungal growth. |
| Note: Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application (If Commercial products are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required). |
